Thailand: It’s going to be the worst since the 1998 Asian crisis

Yesterday's release of an all-time low manufacturing Purchasing Manager Index (PMI) of 46.7 in March and the third consecutive month of it staying under 50, implying contraction, foreshadowed a negative GDP growth in the first quarter of the year. The subsequent data yesterday on Business Sentiment Index (BSI) in March informed about the extent of the GDP fall in the last quarter.

In fact, BSI is a better lead indicator of GDP growth than PMI as the chart below plotting the quarterly average of the index against the year-on-year real GDP growth shows. Unlike PMI, which compares sentiment relative to the previous month (read our Asian PMI note for more), the BSI is the diffusion index with a reading below 50 implying negative responses outweighing positive ones, and vice-versa for that above a 50 reading. The BSI reading for March was 42.6, the lowest since November 2011 and under 50 where it’s been since mid-2019 (44.1 in February 2020).

Covid-19 spreading around the world suggests that 2020 is shaping to be worst for the Thai economy since the 1998 Asian financial crisis, of which Thailand was the epicentre with over a 7.8% plunge in the country's GDP in that year. Blame it on the economy’s greater reliance on tourism and trade as both these sectors are going to taking a significant hit from the global spread of the disease.

Following a three-week partial lockdown in Bangkok (started last week) and Phuket island now shut for the entire month of April, there will be a big slump in tourism. Moreover, the lockdown will inflict significant damage to consumer spending. As elsewhere in Asia, private consumption forms a significant chunk of GDP on the expenditure side; in the case of Thailand, it's 52% in 2019. If so, no prizes for guessing that we should see GDP growth moving into negative territory in the first quarter and staying there for the rest of 2020.

We anticipate at least about a 2% year-on-year GDP fall in the first quarter, just as what the BSI indicates. But with a full blow of disease spread in the current quarter, it’s going to be ugly. We see GDP plunging as much as 7.7% in this quarter, followed by a not so worse 4.8% and 2.6% declines in the third and fourth quarters respectively. This brings our full-year growth forecast to -4.3%, a downgrade from -0.8% earlier. If true, 2020 will go into history as the worst year for the economy since the Asian crisis.

Not just us. But, the Bank of Thailand also thinks so. Rather far worse. Just a week ago the central bank slashed its growth forecast for 2020 to -5.3% from +2.8%.

The authorities are doing what they can. The government has already announced two stimulus packages worth THB400 billion and THB117 billion in the last month, for a total thrust of about 3% of GDP. However, the real boost from measures such as cash hand-outs and tax cuts amounts to only about half of that. The government is preparing the third package of THB500 billion to be unveiled this month.

We also expect the BoT to continue to ease monetary policy by cutting interest rates further in the current quarter. The off-cycle BoT rate cut of 25 basis point on 20 March was too little too late, while the central bank refrained from doing more at the regular meeting just a week later. At 0.75% currently, the policy rate is the lowest ever, which probably underlies the BoT’s reluctance to ease further. However, we don’t see this as a constraint. Not particularly amid persistently low inflation, or even negative inflation this year on the back of plunging consumption.

Yes, we are also cutting our consumer price inflation forecast for the year to -0.8% from +0.6%.